Conditionally essential amino acid in the body, important for blood flow and maintenance of nitric oxide levels.

1. Morris Jr, S. M. (2004). Recent advances in arginine metabolism. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care, 7(1), 45-51.
2. Wu, G., & MORRIS, J. S. (1998). Arginine metabolism: nitric oxide and beyond. Biochem. J, 336, 1-17.
3. Grioli, S., Lomeo, C., Quattropani, M. C., Spignoli, G., & Villardita, C. (1990). Pyroglutamic acid improves the age associated memory impairment.Fundamental & clinical pharmacology, 4(2), 169-173.
4. Palmer, R. M., Ashton, D. S., & Moncada, S. (1988). Vascular endothelial cells synthesize nitric oxide from L-arginine. Nature, 333(6174), 664-666.

Amino acid that is converted to L-arginine in the kidneys for nitric oxide production.

1. Korth, H. G., Sustmann, R., Thater, C., Butler, A. R., & Ingold, K. U. (1994). On the mechanism of the nitric oxide synthase-catalyzed conversion of N omega-hydroxyl-L-arginine to citrulline and nitric oxide. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269(27), 17776-17779.
2. Lau, T., Owen, W., Yu, Y. M., Noviski, N., Lyons, J., Zurakowski, D., ... & Castillo, L. (2000). Arginine, citrulline, and nitric oxide metabolism in end-stage renal disease patients. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 105(9), 1217.
3. Palmer, R. M., Ashton, D. S., & Moncada, S. (1988). Vascular endothelial cells synthesize nitric oxide from L-arginine. Nature, 333(6174), 664-666.
4. Palmer, R. M., Ashton, D. S., & Moncada, S. (1988). Vascular endothelial cells synthesize nitric oxide from L-arginine. Nature, 333(6174), 664-666.

Neurotransmitter studied for its role in cognitive function, specifically in improving mental health.

1. Morrissey, J. J., & Klahr, S. (1997). Agmatine activation of nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells. Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians, 109(1), 51-57.
2. Halaris A, et al Plasma agmatine and platelet imidazoline receptors in depression . Ann N Y Acad Sci. (1999)
3. Li G, et al Agmatine: an endogenous clonidine-displacing substance in the brain . Science. (1994)
4. Dalley JW, Cardinal RN, Robbins TW Prefrontal executive and cognitive functions in rodents: neural and neurochemical substrates . Neurosci Biobehav Rev. (2004)
5. Giakoumaki SG Cognitive and prepulse inhibition deficits in psychometrically high schizotypal subjects in the general population: relevance to schizophrenia research . J Int Neuropsychol Soc. (2012)

One of the oldest living tree species with its leaf extract used as a supplement for cognitive enhancement and to alleviate cognitive decline. It is extensively studied for its role in cognitive function and memory enhancement in subjects with Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and memory impairment.

1. Kaschel R: Specific memory effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in middle-aged healthy volunteers. Phytomedicine 2011, 18:1202-1207.
2. Wesnes KA, Ward T, McGinty A, Petrini O: The memory enhancing effects of a Ginkgo biloba/Panax ginseng combination in healthy middle-aged volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000, 152:353-361.
3. Mix JA, Crews WD, Jr.: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in a sample of cognitively intact older adults: neuropsychological findings. Hum Psychopharmacol 2002, 17:267-277.
4. Stough C, Clarke J, Lloyd J, Nathan PJ: Neuropsychological changes after 30-day Ginkgo biloba administration in healthy participants. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2001, 4:131-134.
5. Polich J, Gloria R: Cognitive effects of a Ginkgo biloba/vinpocetine compound in normal adults: systematic assessment of perception, attention and memory. Hum Psychopharmacol 2001, 16:409-416.
6. Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Wesnes KA: The dose-dependent cognitive effects of acute administration of Ginkgo biloba to healthy young volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000, 151:416-423.
7. Subhan Z, Hindmarch I: The psychopharmacological effects of Ginkgo biloba extract in normal healthy volunteers. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1984, 4:89-93.
8. Rigney U, Kimber S, Hindmarch I: The effects of acute doses of standardized Ginkgo biloba extract on memory and psychomotor performance in volunteers. Phytother Res 1999, 13:408-415.
9. Scholey AB, Kennedy DO: Acute, dose-dependent cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng and their combination in healthy young volunteers: differential interactions with cognitive demand. Hum Psychopharmacol 2002, 17:35-44.
10. Singh B, Song H, Liu XD, Hardy M, Liu GZ, Vinjamury SP, Martirosian CD: Dangshen (Codonopsis pilosula) and Bai guo (Gingko biloba) enhance learning and memory. Altern Ther Health Med 2004, 10:52-56.
11. Scripnikov A, Khomenko A, Napryeyenko O: Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 on neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: findings from a randomised controlled trial. Wien Med Wochenschr 2007, 157:295-300.
12. Wesnes KA, Faleni RA, Hefting NR, Hoogsteen G, Houben JJ, Jenkins E, Jonkman JH, Leonard J, Petrini O, van Lier JJ: The cognitive, subjective, and physical effects of a ginkgo biloba/panax ginseng combination in healthy volunteers with neurasthenic complaints. Psychopharmacol Bull 1997, 33:677-683.
13. Hartley DE, Elsabagh S, File SE: Gincosan (a combination of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng): the effects on mood and cognition of 6 and 12 weeks' treatment in post-menopausal women. Nutr Neurosci 2004, 7:325-333.
14. Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Wesnes KA: Differential, dose dependent changes in cognitive performance following acute administration of a Ginkgo biloba/Panax ginseng combination to healthy young volunteers. Nutr Neurosci 2001, 4:399-412.

Scandinavian herb used in traditional Chinese Medicine to promote physical and cognitive vitality studied extensively and shown to significantly reduce fatigue, exhaustion, and symptoms of depression.

1. Hung SK, Perry R, Ernst E The effectiveness and efficacy of Rhodiola rosea L.: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials . Phytomedicine. (2011)
2. Spasov AA, et al A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of the stimulating and adaptogenic effect of Rhodiola rosea SHR-5 extract on the fatigue of students caused by stress during an examination period with a repeated low-dose regimen . Phytomedicine. (2000)
3. De Bock K, et al Acute Rhodiola rosea intake can improve endurance exercise performance .Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. (2004)
4. Darbinyan V, et al Rhodiola rosea in stress induced fatigue--a double blind cross-over study of a standardized extract SHR-5 with a repeated low-dose regimen on the mental performance of healthy physicians during night duty . Phytomedicine. (2000)
5. Shevtsov VA, et al A randomized trial of two different doses of a SHR-5 Rhodiola rosea extract versus placebo and control of capacity for mental work . Phytomedicine. (2003)
6. Edwards D, Heufelder A, Zimmermann A Therapeutic effects and safety of Rhodiola rosea extract WS® 1375 in subjects with life-stress symptoms--results of an open-label study .Phytother Res. (2012)
7. Rhodiola Rosea for Mental and Physical Fatigue in Nursing Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial
8. Perfumi M, Mattioli L Adaptogenic and central nervous system effects of single doses of 3% rosavin and 1% salidroside Rhodiola rosea L. extract in mice . Phytother Res. (2007)
9. The Use of Herbal Adaptogens together with Tricyclic Antidepressants in Patients with Psychogenic Depressions

One of the most widely known medicinal herbs, used for thousands of years and studied extensively as it has demonstrated significant and positive impacts on major cognitive domains including:

• Attention
• Speed of working memory
• Secondary memory

Amount in Mastermind™ is clinically validated for:

• Increase in accuracy when given a simple choice test
• 15.6% increase in a test score assessing working memory capacity
• 9.9% enhancement in working memory speed

In traditional Chinese Medicine it is known to reduce stress and enhance clarity.

1. Scholey, A., Ossoukhova, A., Owen, L., Ibarra, A., Pipingas, A., He, K., ... & Stough, C. (2010). Effects of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) on neurocognitive function: an acute, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Psychopharmacology, 212(3), 345-356.
2. Kiefer, D., & Pantuso, T. (2003). Panax ginseng. American family physician,68(8), 1539-1544.
3. Reay, J. L., Kennedy, D. O., & Scholey, A. B. (2005). Single doses of Panax ginseng (G115) reduce blood glucose levels and improve cognitive performance during sustained mental activity. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 19(4), 357-365.
4. Lee, S. T., Chu, K., Sim, J. Y., Heo, J. H., & Kim, M. (2008). Panax ginseng enhances cognitive performance in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders, 22(3), 222-226.
5. Kennedy, D. O., & Scholey, A. B. (2003). Ginseng: potential for the enhancement of cognitive performance and mood. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 75(3), 687-700.
6. Kennedy, D. O., Scholey, A. B., & Wesnes, K. A. (2001). Dose dependent changes in cognitive performance and mood following acute administration of Ginseng to healthy young volunteers. Nutr Neurosci, 4(4), 295-310.

Known to some as Indian Ginseng, this medicinal root has been utilized for centuries in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. As a functional adaptogen it has shown the ability to reduce stress and promote cognitive strength, energy, vigor, and immunity. It has shown to be effective for stress relief, memory, cognition, sexual performance, women's health, and weight management.

1. Kumar S, Harris RJ, Seal CJ, Okello EJ. An aqueous extract of Withania somnifera root inhibits amyloid β fibril formation in vitro. Phytother Res. 2012;26(1):113-7.
2. Shah N, Singh R, Sarangi U, et al. Combinations of ashwagandha leaf extracts protect brain-derived cells against oxidative stress and induce differentiation. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0120554.
3. Chandrasekhar, K., Kapoor, J., & Anishetty, S. (2012). A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults. Indian journal of psychological medicine, 34(3), 255.
4. Cooley, K., Szczurko, O., Perri, D., Mills, E. J., Bernhardt, B., Zhou, Q., & Seely, D. (2009). Naturopathic care for anxiety: a randomized controlled trial ISRCTN78958974. PLoS. One, 4(8), e6628.
5. Andrade, C., Aswath, A., Chaturvedi, S. K., Srinivasa, M., & Raguram, R. (2000). A double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the anxiolytic efficacy ff an ethanolic extract of withania somnifera. Indian journal of psychiatry, 42(3), 295.

Leaf extract used in Ayurvedic medicine shown to effectively and reliably improve memory in both healthy populations as well as during cognitive decline.

1. Nathan PJ, Clarke J, Lloyd J, Hutchison CW, Downey L, Stough C: The acute effects of an extract of Bacopa monniera (Brahmi) on cognitive function in healthy normal subjects. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 2001, 16:345-351.
2. Stough C, Lloyd J, Clarke J, Downey LA, Hutchison CW, Rodgers T, Nathan PJ: The chronic effects of an extract of Bacopa monniera (Brahmi) on cognitive function in healthy human subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001, 156:481-484.
3. Morgan A, Stevens J: Does Bacopa monnieri improve memory performance in older persons? Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. J Altern Complement Med 2010, 16:753-759.
4. Calabrese C, Gregory WL, Leo M, Kraemer D, Bone K, Oken B: Effects of a Standardized Bacopa monnieri Extract on Cognitive Performance, Anxiety, and Depression in the Elderly: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2008, 14:707-713.
5. Stough C, Downey LA, Lloyd J, Silber B, Redman S, Hutchison C, Wesnes K, Nathan PJ: Examining the nootropic effects of a special extract of Bacopa monniera on human cognitive functioning: 90 day double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial. Phytotherapy Research 2008, 22:1629-1634.
6. Nathan PJ, Clarke J, Lloyd J, Hutchison CW, Downey L, Stough C: The acute effects of an extract of Bacopa monniera (Brahmi) on cognitive function in healthy normal subjects. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 2001, 16:345-351.
7. Raghav S, Singh H, Dalal PK, Srivastava JS, Asthana OP: Randomized controlled trial of standardized Bacopa monniera extract in age-associated memory impairment. Indian J Psychiatry 2006, 48:238-242.
8. Nathan PJ, Tanner S, Lloyd J, Harrison B, Curran L, Oliver C, Stough C: Effects of a combined extract of Ginkgo biloba and Bacopa monniera on cognitive function in healthy humans. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 2004, 19:91-96.
9. Roodenrys S, Booth D, Bulzomi S, Phipps A, Micallef C, Smoker J: Chronic Effects of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) on Human Memory. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002, 27:279-281.
10. Peth-Nui T, Wattanathorn J, Muchimapura S, Tong-Un T, Piyavhatkul N, Rangseekajee P, Ingkaninan K, Vittaya-areekul S: Effects of 12-Week Bacopa monnieri Consumption on Attention, Cognitive Processing, Working Memory, and Functions of Both Cholinergic

Amino acid found in green tea known to significantly promote relaxation and reduce stress and anxiety.

1. Owen GN, Parnell H, De Bruin EA, Rycroft JA: The combined effects of L-theanine and caffeine on cognitive performance and mood. NutrNeurosci 2008, 11:193-198.
2. Ritsner MS, Miodownik C, Ratner Y, Shleifer T, Mar M, Pintov L, Lerner V: L-theanine relieves positive, activation, and anxiety symptoms in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2-center study. J Clin Psychiatry 2011, 72:34-42.
3. Park SK, Jung IC, Lee WK, Lee YS, Park HK, Go HJ, Kim K, Lim NK, Hong JT, Ly SY, Rho SS: A combination of green tea extract and l-theanine improves memory and attention in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Med Food 2011, 14:334-343.
4. Einother SJ, Martens VE, Rycroft JA, De Bruin EA: L-theanine and caffeine improve task switching but not intersensory attention or subjective alertness. Appetite 2010, 54:406-409.
5. Gomez-Ramirez M, Kelly SP, Montesi JL, Foxe JJ: The effects of L-theanine on alpha-band oscillatory brain activity during a visuo-spatial attention task. Brain Topogr 2009, 22:44-51.
6. Foxe JJ, Morie KP, Laud PJ, Rowson MJ, de Bruin EA, Kelly SP: Assessing the effects of caffeine and theanine on the maintenance of vigilance during a sustained attention task. Neuropharmacology 2012, 62:2320-2327.
7. Lu K, Gray MA, Oliver C, Liley DT, Harrison BJ, Bartholomeusz CF, Phan KL, Nathan PJ: The acute effects of L-theanine in comparison with alprazolam on anticipatory anxiety in humans. Hum Psychopharmacol 2004, 19:457-465.

Extract taken from the seed of a plant found in the Amazon Basin that has shown in one study to improve cognitive performance and has shown in a laboratory study to prevent protein blockages in the brain leading to Alzheimer's disease.

1. Haskell CF, Kennedy DO, Wesnes KA, Milne AL, Scholey AB: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-dose evaluation of the acute behavioural effects of guarana in humans. J Psychopharmacol 2007, 21:65-70.
2. Kennedy DO, Haskell CF, Wesnes KA, Scholey AB: Improved cognitive performance in human volunteers following administration of guarana (Paullinia cupana) extract: comparison and interaction with Panax ginseng. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004, 79:401-411.
3. Bittencourt Lda S, Zeidan-Chulia F, Yatsu FK, Schnorr CE, Moresco KS, Kolling EA, Gelain DP, Bassani VL, Moreira JC: Guarana (Paullinia cupana Mart.) Prevents beta-Amyloid Aggregation, Generation of Advanced Glycation-end Products (AGEs), and Acrolein-Induced Cytotoxicity on Human Neuronal-Like Cells. Phytother Res 2014, 28:1615-1624.

Brain tissue compound that increases levels of brain chemicals involved with memory, and shown to improve memory and cognitive capacity in older individuals.

1. Delwaide PJ, Gyselynck-Mambourg AM, Hurlet A, Ylieff M: Double-blind randomized controlled study of phosphatidylserine in senile demented patients. Acta Neurol Scand 1986, 73:136-140.
2. Crook TH, Tinklenberg J, Yesavage J, Petrie W, Nunzi MG, Massari DC: Effects of phosphatidylserine in age-associated memory impairment. Neurology 1991, 41:644-649.
3. Cenacchi T, Bertoldin T, Farina C, Fiori MG, Crepaldi G: Cognitive decline in the elderly: a double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study on efficacy of phosphatidylserine administration. Aging (Milano) 1993, 5:123-133.
4. Heiss WD, Kessler J, Mielke R, Szelies B, Herholz K: Long-term effects of phosphatidylserine, pyritinol, and cognitive training in Alzheimer's disease. A neuropsychological, EEG, and PET investigation. Dementia 1994, 5:88-98.
5. Wells AJ, Hoffman JR, Gonzalez AM, Stout JR, Fragala MS, Mangine GT, McCormack WP, Jajtner AR, Townsend JR, Robinson EHt: Phosphatidylserine and caffeine attenuate postexercise mood disturbance and perception of fatigue in humans. Nutr Res 2013, 33:464-472.
6. Vakhapova V, Cohen T, Richter Y, Herzog Y, Korczyn AD: Phosphatidylserine containing omega-3 fatty acids may improve memory abilities in non-demented elderly with memory complaints: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2010, 29:467- 474.
7. Baumeister J, Barthel T, Geiss KR, Weiss M: Influence of phosphatidylserine on cognitive performance and cortical activity after induced stress. Nutr Neurosci 2008, 11:103-110.
8. Schreiber S, Kampf-Sherf O, Gorfine M, Kelly D, Oppenheim Y, Lerer B: An open trial of plantsource derived phosphatydilserine for treatment of age-related cognitive decline. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 2000, 37:302-307.
9. Maggioni M, Picotti GB, Bondiolotti GP, Panerai A, Cenacchi T, Nobile P, Brambilla F: Effects of phosphatidylserine therapy in geriatric patients with depressive disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1990, 81:265-270.
10. Benton D, Donohoe RT, Sillance B, Nabb S: The influence of phosphatidylserine supplementation on mood and heart rate when faced with an acute stressor. Nutr Neurosci 2001, 4:169-178

Tea leaves from the Camellia sinesis (Green tea) plant that is fermented to reach full oxidation and contains theophylline as a stimulant and healthy polyphenol antioxidants that help protect cells from DNA damage.

1. Leung, L. K., Su, Y., Chen, R., Zhang, Z., Huang, Y., & Chen, Z. Y. (2001). Theaflavins in black tea and catechins in green tea are equally effective antioxidants. The Journal of nutrition, 131(9), 2248-2251.
2. Robinson, E. E., Maxwell, S. R., & Thorpe, G. H. (1997). An investigation of the antioxidant activity of black tea using enhanced chemiluminescence.Free Radical Research, 26(3), 291-302.
3. Farhoosh, R., Golmovahhed, G. A., & Khodaparast, M. H. (2007). Antioxidant activity of various extracts of old tea leaves and black tea wastes (Camellia sinensis L.). Food Chemistry, 100(1), 231-236.
4. 橋本文雄, 野中源一郎, & 西岡五夫. (1992). Tannins and Related Compounds. CXIV. Structures of Novel Fermentation Products, Theogallinin, Theaflavonin and Desgalloyl Theaflavonin from Black Tea, and Changes of Tea Leaf Polyphenols during Fermentation. Chemical and pharmaceutical bulletin,40(6), 1383-1389.
5. Łuczaj, W., & Skrzydlewska, E. (2005). Antioxidative properties of black tea.Preventive medicine, 40(6), 910-918.

Amino acid found in large amounts in the brain that significantly increases blood flow and improves exercise performance.

1. Beyranvand, M. R., Khalafi, M. K., Roshan, V. D., Choobineh, S., Parsa, S. A., & Piranfar, M. A. (2011). Effect of taurine supplementation on exercise capacity of patients with heart failure. Journal of cardiology, 57(3), 333-337.
2. Moloney, M. A., Casey, R. G., HO'Donnell, D., Fitzgerald, P., Thompson, C., & Bouchier-Hayes, D. J. (2010). Two weeks taurine supplementation reverses endothelial dysfunction in young male type 1 diabetics. Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research.

The active compound known as piperine is a nutrient absorption enhancer to promote the most efficient absorption and retention of nutrients.

1. Rao VR, et al Simultaneous determination of bioactive compounds in Piper nigrum L. and a species comparison study using HPLC-PDA . Nat Prod Res. (2011)
2. Shoba G, et al Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers . Planta Med. (1998)
3. Han HK The effects of black pepper on the intestinal absorption and hepatic metabolism of drugs . Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. (2011)
4. Bajad S, et al Piperine inhibits gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit in rats and mice . Planta Med. (2001)
5. Ononiwu IM, Ibeneme CE, Ebong OO Effects of piperine on gastric acid secretion in albino rats . Afr J Med Med Sci. (2002)
6. Black pepper (piper nigrum)
7. Lack of Adverse Influence of Black Pepper, Its Oleoresin and Piperine in the Weanling Rat
8. Piyachaturawat P, Glinsukon T, Toskulkao C Acute and subacute toxicity of piperine in mice, rats and hamsters .Toxicol Lett. (1983)
9. Srinivasan K Black pepper and its pungent principle-piperine: a review of diverse physiological effects . Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. (2007)

Included for its ability to increase nitric oxide production, increasing blood flow to improve cognitive function, attention, and mental performance over 8 weeks. Proanthocyanidins act as a polyphenol, present in grape skins and red wine, that may have a role in prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases.

1. Enseleit, F., Sudano, I., Périat, D., Winnik, S., Wolfrum, M., Flammer, A. J., ... & Krasniqi, N. (2012). Effects of Pycnogenol on endothelial function in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. European heart journal, 33(13), 1589-1597.
2. Luzzi, R., Belcaro, G., Zulli, C., Cesarone, M. R., Cornelli, U., Dugall, M., ... & Feragalli, B. (2011). Pycnogenol® supplementation improves cognitive function, attention and mental performance in students. Panminerva medica,53(3 Suppl 1), 75-82.
3. Nishioka, K., Hidaka, T., Nakamura, S., Umemura, T., Jitsuiki, D., Soga, J., ... & Higashi, Y. (2007). Pycnogenol®, French maritime pine bark extract, augments endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans. Hypertension Research, 30(9), 775.
4. Yoshida, A., Yoshino, F., Tsubata, M., Ikeguchi, M., Nakamura, T., & Lee, M. (2011). Direct assessment by electron spin resonance spectroscopy of the antioxidant effects of french maritime pine bark extract in the maxillofacial region of hairless mice. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 49(2), 79-86. doi:10.3164/jcbn.10-103
5. Grimm, T., Schäfer, A., & Högger, P. (2004). Antioxidant activity and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases by metabolites of maritime pine bark extract (pycnogenol).Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 36(6), 811-822. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.12.017
6. Liu, X., Wei, J., Tan, F., Zhou, S., Würthwein, G., & Rohdewald, P. (2004). Pycnogenol®, French maritime pine bark extract, improves endothelial function of hypertensive patients. Life sciences, 74(7), 855-862.
7. Santos‐Buelga, C., & Scalbert, A. (2000). Proanthocyanidins and tannin‐like compounds–nature, occurrence, dietary intake and effects on nutrition and health. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 80(7), 1094-1117.

Steamed leaves from the Camellia sinesis plant known for its polyphenol content for disease prevention and ECG (epigallocatechin) for anti-oxidant and anti-viral effects and benefits.

1. Song, J. M., Lee, K. H., & Seong, B. L. (2005). Antiviral effect of catechins in green tea on influenza virus. Antiviral research, 68(2), 66-74.
2. Sakanaka, S., Kim, M., Taniguchi, M., & Yamamoto, T. (1989). Antibacterial substances in Japanese green tea extract against Streptococcus mutans, a cariogenic bacterium. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 53(9), 2307-2311.
3. Ciesek, S., von Hahn, T., Colpitts, C. C., Schang, L. M., Friesland, M., Steinmann, J., ... & Pietschmann, T. (2011). The green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate, inhibits hepatitis C virus entry. Hepatology, 54(6), 1947-1955.
4. Weber, J. M., Ruzindana-Umunyana, A., Imbeault, L., & Sircar, S. (2003). Inhibition of adenovirus infection and adenain by green tea catechins.Antiviral research, 58(2), 167-173.